Lalueza-Fox and his colleagues were left with the first genetic material of extinct European Plasmodium species ever studied. They recovered DNA from both P. falciparum, the predominant species in Africa and the species responsible for the majority of today’s malaria deaths, and P. vivax, a less virulent species found widely across the globe. Scientists have long debated how P. vivax arrived in the Americas, with one theory suggesting colonial Europeans brought the pathogen over, while another posits entry from the other direction, when early humans crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Asia. The two theories, notes Jane Carlton, a malaria researcher at New York University who was not involved in the study, are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
The extinct European P. vivax genome more closely resembled strains found today in South America than those found in East Asia, lending credibility to the theory of a more recent introduction by European colonists. The European P. falciparum genome, however, was starkly divergent from the modern South American subtype, supporting the theory that this more-deadly species came to South America directly from Africa during the slave trade.
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Missing Link in Malaria Evolution Discovered in Historical Specimens
Source: The Scientist Magazine®Image: Charles Aranda
The missing link is nutrient energy-dependent RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry that biophysically constrains most pathogens by preventing their transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations are manifested in all living genera, which is why claims about missing links must start with the examination of energy-dependent changes in base pairs. If you cannot link them from natural selection for codon optimality to all biodiversity via the innate immune system and supercoiled DNA, you cannot become a serious scientist.
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